Author ORCID Identifier
Elizabeth Moxley: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0929-4717
Document Type
Article
Publication Title
Geospatial Health
Abstract
Assessment of personal exposure in the external environment commonly relies on global positioning system (GPS) measurements. However, it has been challenging to determine exposures accurately due to missing data in GPS trajectories. In environmental health research using GPS, missing data are often discarded or are typically imputed based on the last known location or linear interpolation. Imputation is said to mitigate bias in exposure measures, but methods used are hardly evaluated against ground truth. Widely used imputation methods assume that a person is either stationary or constantly moving during the missing interval. Relaxing this assumption, we propose a method for imputing locations as a function of a person’s likely movement state (stop, move) during the missing interval. We then evaluate the proposed method in terms of the accuracy of imputed location, movement state, and daily mobility measures such as the number of trips and time spent on places visited. Experiments based on real data collected by participants (n=59) show that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods. Imputation to the last known location can lead to large deviation from the actual location when gap distance is large. Linear interpolation is shown to result in large errors in mobility measures. Researchers should be aware that the different treatment of missing data can affect the spatiotemporal accuracy of GPS-based exposure assessments.
First Page
1081
Last Page
1088
DOI
https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1081
Publication Date
2022
Recommended Citation
Hwang, S., Webber-Ritchey, K., & Moxley, E. (2022). Comparison of GPS imputation methods in environmental health research. Geospatial Health, 17(2), 1081-1088. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1081
Original Citation
Hwang, S., Webber-Ritchey, K., & Moxley, E. (2022). Comparison of GPS imputation methods in environmental health research. Geospatial Health, 17(2), 1081-1088. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1081
Department
Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences| School of Health Studies| School of Nursing
Sponsorship
College of Science and Health Research and Faculty Summer Research Grant, DePaul University
